In 2022/23 there were 42,000 large fly-tipping incidents in England alone. This cost hard-pressed local authorities £13.2 million (compared to £10.7 million the previous year) and created a threat to human health, wildlife habitats and the wider environment. Defined as being at least one tipper lorry load in size, large fly-tipping incidents also create a barrier to land development, improvement and restoration.